 |
||
 |
 |
 |
 |
||
Navigation |
| Home |
| History |
| Sample Preparation |
| Principles of XRF |
| Evaluation of Spectra |
| Applications |
| Instructor Resources |
| References |
| Sponsors |
Petroleum EDXRF Applications
Use of EDXRF in an oil refinery (provided by Jordan Valley)
- Sulfur in Oils and Fuels
- Lead in Gasoline
- Maganese in Gasoline
- clincrude
- Nickel and Vanadium in Crude Oil
- Sulfur,Nickel, Vanadiumin Residual Oil
- Sulfur in Coke or Carbon
- Mg, P, S, Ca, Ba, Zn, Mo in Lubricating Oils
- S, Cl, As, Pb, Cd in Waste Oil and Waste Fuel Oil
The petroleum market is probably the second largest market for XRF after the geological mining and minerals. There are a number of applications at virtually every stage.
Sulfur in Oil and Fuels
Sulfur is a major element of importance because it can form sulfuric acid in the atmosphere when burned. Environmental regulatory agencies continue to reduce the allowable levels of sulfur in fuels, so it is important to monitor for it throughout the refining process. Both EDXRF and WDXRF instruments are used for this purpose, and have ASTM methods in place. Specific applications include:
a) Sulfur in Crude oil
b) Sulfur in Gasolines
c) Sulfur in Diesel
d) Sulfur in Kerosene
e) Sulfur in Fuel oil, Heating oil, and Residual Fuel oil
f) Sulfur in Asphalt back to topLead in Gasoline
Lead is an anti-knock additive that is added to gasoline. It is used at concentrations of several hundred PPM is leaded gasolines and approximately 13 mg/L in unleaded gasolines. WDXRF is an ASTM approved method, and some EDXRF instruments can match the WDX performance. back to topManganese in Gasoline
Manganese is another anti-knock additive that is used primarily in Canada at very low PPM concentrations. This application can be done with either WDXRF or EDXRF instruments. back to topChlorine in Crude Oil
Crude oil is desalinated to remove salts that are naturally present. Crude oil needs to typically be below 50 PPM before it can be refined. A WDXRF and some EDXRF analyzers can be used for this application.back to topNickel and Vanadium in Crude Oil
These elements can poison catalysts used in the refining process. Less than 5 PPM concentrations are preferred. WDXRF or a high end EDXRF analyzer can do this application. back to topSulfur, Nickel, and Vanadium in Residual Oil
These elements are monitored for either emissions or recovery purposes. Both WDXRF and EDXRF instruments can make the measurement. back to topSulfur in Coke or Carbon
There are numerous uses for Coke and Carbon, and the material becomes more valuable the lower the sulfur, with electrode grade carbon being quite valuable. This application can be done with EDXRF or WDXRF instruments. back to topMg, P, S, Ca, Ba, Zn, Mo in Lubricating Oils
Lube oils contain a number of additives. Some additives are stabilizers, and others improve lubrication. Motor oils are the largest single class of lubricating oils in terms of volume. Both EDXRF and WDXRF have ASTM methods covering some of these additives. back to topS, Cl, As, Pb, Cd in Waste Oil and Waste Fuel Oil
Waste oils such as used lubrication oil are used in a number of oil fired power plants and kilns. These are monitored for toxic metals chlorine, and sulfur per environmental protection agency guidelines. Both EXDXRF and WDXRF instruments can perform these measurements. back to top
. |
|